Texto 65 - 1ª Fase - FIS / POR / ING/ MAT / QUI - ITA 2019

As questões de 33 a 36 referem-se ao texto a seguir:

Texto 3

1 Artificial Intelligence (Al) is going to play an enormous role in our
2 lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, the
3 Amazon Alexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street,
4 innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses.
5 Technology is rarely good nor evil - it's all in how humans use it. Al
6 could do an enormous amount of good and solve some of the world's
7 hardest problems, but that same power could be turned against us.
8 Al could be set up to inflict bias based on race or beliefs, invade our
9 privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses - and do a lot
10 of nefarious things we can't yet foresee.
11 Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide
12 Al so it benefits society. [...] We don't want overreaching regulation
13 that goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation.
14 Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today
15 the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So, while
16 we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer
17 to see it created as a public-private partnership. Washington should
18 bring in Al experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed
19 to understand and direct Al and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the Al
20 experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service
21 tour of duty.
22 Importantly, we're at the beginning of a new era in government-one
23 where governance is software-defined. The nature of Al and algorithms
24 means we need to develop a new kind of agency - one that includes
25 both humans and software. The software will help monitor algorithms.
26 Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are
27 too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too "dumb" to monitor
28 algorithms in a timely way.
29 Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries
30 better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. Algorithms
31 can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking
32 for details and patterns that humans might never catch, but nonetheless
33 signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesn't exploit
34 political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for
35 the behavior.
36 It's just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the
37 role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can
38 tell if Airbnb hosts are illegally turning down minorities or if Facebook's
39 human editors are squashing conservative news headlines.
40 The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software - open
41 to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private proprietary
42 algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various
43 datasets against them and analyze for "off the rails" behaviors and
44 unexpected results.
45 Clearly, Al needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we
46 can't rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public
47 companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits
48 possible, and their algorithms will optimize for financial goals, not
49 societal goals. But as a tech investor, I don't want to see an ill-informed
50 Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and
51 other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull
52 and bureaucratic as electric companies. [...] Technology companies
53 and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about
54 Al governance and the establishment of a software-driven Al agency.
55 [...]
56 Let's do this before bad regulations get enacted - and before Al
57 gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance right
58 now to tee up Al so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive
59 direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place right now.

Adaptado de:<https:/www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23>. Acesso em: jun. 2018.